| Astaxanthin | ||
| CAS：472-61-7 | molecular formula：C40H52O4 | molecular weight：596.85 |
Introduction Astaxanthin is a ketone or carotenoid, pink in color, fat-soluble, insoluble in water, and soluble in organic solvents. It exists widely in the biological world, especially in the feathers of aquatic animals such as shrimps, crabs, fish and birds, and plays a role in color rendering. Astaxanthin is a non-vitamin A source carotenoid that cannot be converted into vitamin A in animals. Astaxanthin is a fat-soluble and water-soluble pigment that exists in shrimp, crab, salmon, algae and other marine organisms. The human body cannot synthesize astaxanthin by itself. It is the strongest antioxidant in nature. Its antioxidant activity is 550 times that of vitamin E and 10 times that of beta-carotene, so it is called the "king of antioxidants"! |
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Source 1. Synthetic astaxanthin is the end point of carotenoid synthesis. B-carotene needs to add 2 hydroxyl groups and 2 ketone groups to be converted into astaxanthin, and artificial chemical synthesis is difficult. Astaxanthin has 3 isomers, 3s.3'S, 3R-3'S, 3R, 3'R (also known as levorotatory, meso, dextrorotatory), among which, synthetic astaxanthin is a mixture of 3 structures. body, with very little antioxidant activity. 2. Natural astaxanthin from biological sources mainly exists in algae, yeast, salmon, trout, shrimp, etc. Astaxanthin from biological sources is safe to use, environmentally friendly, and has broad development prospects. At present, natural astaxanthin is mainly produced by microbial fermentation. Microorganisms that can produce astaxanthin include: Phaffia genus of the fungus Basidiomycetes, two bacteria that assimilate hydrocarbons, and green algae that grow in a nitrogen-deficient environment. |
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 Physiological function and role Astaxanthin is a chain-breaking antioxidant with strong antioxidant capacity, which can scavenge NO2, sulfide, disulfide, etc., and can also reduce lipid peroxidation, effectively inhibiting lipid peroxidation caused by free radicals. Oxidized astaxanthin. According to reports, this product has many physiological functions such as inhibiting tumor occurrence, enhancing immunity, and removing free radicals in the body. It has a good therapeutic effect on skin cancer caused by ultraviolet rays, and also has a preventive effect on eye diseases caused by diabetes. It has broad application prospects in medicine, cosmetics, food additives and aquaculture. |
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Application field At present, astaxanthin is mainly used as a functional pigment in aquaculture, food, cosmetics and other fields. and survival rate, improve health, optimize body color and meat quality. Natural astaxanthin has been used as a food additive for food coloring, preservation and nutrition enhancement. Studies have shown that astaxanthin helps keep trout fresh. In recent years, with the continuous deepening of astaxanthin biological function research and pharmacological efficacy experiments, astaxanthin has been widely used in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, ophthalmic diseases, skin diseases and other diseases. It has attracted great attention from the scientific community because of its excellent effect, which shows that astaxanthin has great potential application value and broad development prospects in the fields of medicine and health care products. |
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 Biological activity 1.Antioxidant activity Astaxanthin is a powerful quencher of singlet oxygen, can scavenge oxygen free radicals, and is a powerful antioxidant. By comparing the effects of astaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, B-carotene and lycopene on the concentration of membrane lipid peroxide generated under the action of polyunsaturated fatty acids, non-polar carotenoids such as lycopene And B-carotene increases lipid peroxide levels by 85% and promotes oxidant damage to cellular lipid bilayers, while astaxanthin reduces lipid peroxide levels by 40%. 2.Anti-inflammatory activity Astaxanthin has a strong antioxidant effect, which can play an indirect anti-inflammatory effect by regulating the balance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. Astaxanthin can significantly reduce the levels of markers of DNA damage and can reduce plasma C-reactive protein concentrations, confirming the anti-inflammatory effect of astaxanthin in humans. 3.Prevention of atherosclerosis-related diseases Oxidative stress and inflammation are important pathophysiological features of atherosclerotic heart disease, and the powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of astaxanthin also suggest its potential anti-atherosclerosis effect. Oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is an important cause of arteriosclerosis, while high density lipoprotein (HDL) is negatively correlated with the risk of coronary heart disease. High levels of HDL can prevent atherosclerosis. Studies have shown that astaxanthin can significantly increase HDL and reduce LDL levels, so astaxanthin may have a certain preventive effect on arteriosclerosis and coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. 4.Anticancer activity Astaxanthin can inhibit the growth of breast cancer, while other carotenoids such as B. carotene and canthaxanthin do not have this function. In conclusion, more and more studies have shown that astaxanthin has tumor suppressor and anti-cancer effects, which are mainly reflected in astaxanthin preventing tumor occurrence, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, promoting tumor cell apoptosis, inhibiting tumor metastasis, enhancing immunity, increase intercellular communication, etc. 5. Enhance immune function Cell membranes contain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are prone to lipid peroxidation, which leads to changes in the fluidity and permeability of cell membranes, and ultimately changes the structure and function of cells, and astaxanthin is due to its unique molecular structure. , can be inserted into the lipid bilayer, so compared with B carotene and vitamin C, it can better inhibit lipid peroxidation on the cell membrane and protect the structure of the cell membrane. Immune cells are very sensitive to free radical damage, and free radicals can promote the degradation of macrophage cell membranes and impair their phagocytic function. Antioxidants, especially astaxanthin, protect the immune system from free radical damage. |
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